Lumbar disc herniation, commonly known as a slipped or herniated disc, occurs when the soft inner part of a spinal disc (nucleus pulposus) pushes through its outer layer (annulus fibrosus) and compresses nearby spinal nerves. It is one of the most common causes of low back and leg pain (sciatica). Most patients...
Cervical disc herniation, commonly known as a neck disc herniation, occurs when the soft center of a cervical disc (nucleus pulposus) pushes through its outer ring (annulus fibrosus) and compresses nearby spinal nerves or, rarely, the spinal cord itself. This condition can cause neck pain, arm pain, and numbness or weakness...
Spinal canal stenosis refers to a narrowing of the spinal canal, which compresses the spinal cord and nerves. It commonly occurs due to age-related degeneration, disc bulging, ligament thickening, or bone overgrowth (osteophytes). The condition most often affects the lumbar (lower back) and cervical (neck) regions. With modern microsurgical and minimally invasive decompression...
Spinal fractures occur when one or more vertebrae break due to trauma, osteoporosis, or tumor infiltration (metastasis). Depending on severity, fractures can cause pain, nerve compression, or spinal instability that threatens the spinal cord. Modern surgical approaches — including percutaneous fixation, vertebroplasty, kyphoplasty, and instrumented stabilization — allow for safe restoration of...
Spinal tumors are abnormal growths that develop within or around the spinal cord and its surrounding structures. They may be benign or malignant, and can arise from the spinal cord itself (intramedullary), from its coverings (intradural–extramedullary), or from the vertebrae (extradural). Although rare, these tumors can cause pain, weakness, sensory loss, and...
Spinal deformities such as scoliosis, kyphosis, or spondylolisthesis occur when the natural alignment of the spine is altered, leading to curvature, imbalance, or instability. These conditions may be congenital, adolescent (idiopathic), or degenerative in adults. Mild curvatures can often be managed with observation or bracing, but progressive or symptomatic deformities require surgical...
