Craniosynostosis is a congenital condition in which one or more of the skull sutures close prematurely, restricting normal skull and brain growth. As the brain continues to grow, the skull compensates by expanding in other directions, leading to abnormal head shape and sometimes increased intracranial pressure. Early diagnosis and timely...
Hydrocephalus is a condition in which excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) accumulates in the brain’s ventricles, leading to increased pressure and ventricular enlargement. It can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired later due to infection, hemorrhage, trauma, or tumor. If left untreated, it may cause developmental delay, vision loss, or...
Aqueductal stenosis is a congenital or acquired narrowing of the aqueduct of Sylvius — the narrow channel connecting the third and fourth ventricles of the brain. When this passage is blocked, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cannot circulate properly, causing obstructive (non-communicating) hydrocephalus. This leads to ventricular enlargement, increased intracranial pressure, and...
Spina bifida is a type of neural tube defect where the spinal column does not close completely during early fetal development. The most severe form, myelomeningocele, involves the protrusion of the spinal cord and meninges through an opening in the back. This condition can lead to weakness or paralysis of...
Pediatric brain tumors are the most common solid tumors in children and the leading cause of childhood cancer–related neurological symptoms. They can arise from different brain regions — the cerebellum, brainstem, ventricles, or cerebral hemispheres — and vary from benign (slow-growing) to malignant (aggressive) forms. Advances in microneurosurgery, neuro-navigation, and...
Congenital brain and spine malformations are structural abnormalities that develop during the early stages of fetal growth, often within the first few weeks of pregnancy. They can affect the formation of the brain, spinal cord, or skull, and may result in neurological or developmental problems depending on the severity and location. Modern...
