An epidural hematoma is a collection of blood between the inner surface of the skull and the dura mater — the brain’s outer protective layer. It usually results from a head injury, often involving a skull fracture that tears an artery, most commonly the middle meningeal artery. Epidural hematoma is a neurosurgical...
A subdural hematoma is a collection of blood between the dura mater (the outer covering of the brain) and the arachnoid membrane. It usually occurs when bridging veins that drain blood from the brain surface are torn — often due to head trauma or rapid acceleration-deceleration injury. Subdural hematomas can be acute,...
A subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) occurs when blood leaks into the space between the brain and the arachnoid membrane — an area normally filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This bleeding irritates the brain and increases intracranial pressure, leading to sudden, severe headache and neurological symptoms. SAH can be traumatic (after head injury) or...
Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI) is one of the most severe forms of traumatic brain injury (TBI), resulting from shearing forces that damage nerve fibers (axons) throughout the brain. It commonly occurs in high-velocity accidents, falls, or sports injuries, especially where the brain moves rapidly inside the skull. Unlike hematomas, DAI...
A spinal cord injury (SCI) occurs when trauma causes damage to the spinal cord or its surrounding structures, resulting in partial or complete loss of motor, sensory, or autonomic function below the level of injury. SCI can result from high-impact trauma, such as vehicle accidents, falls, or sports injuries, but...
