Metastatic brain tumors, also known as brain metastases, are tumors that originate from cancers in other parts of the body—most often the lung, breast, kidney, or skin (melanoma)—and spread to the brain.
They are the most common type of brain tumors overall and may appear as single or multiple lesions. Thanks to advances in surgery, radiosurgery, and systemic therapy, many patients can achieve long-term control and excellent quality of life.
Symptoms
Symptoms depend on the size and number of metastases and their location in the brain. Common signs include:
- New or worsening headaches
- Nausea, vomiting, or balance problems
- Weakness or numbness on one side of the body
- Speech or vision changes
- Seizures or confusion
These symptoms can develop suddenly, especially if bleeding or swelling occurs within the tumor.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis begins with MRI with contrast, the most sensitive imaging method to detect metastases.
Further tests such as whole-body PET-CT or CT scans help identify the primary cancer source if unknown.
Sometimes a biopsy or surgical removal is needed to confirm the tumor type and tailor treatment in coordination with oncology specialists.
Treatment Options
Microsurgical Removal
When the tumor is accessible and causing significant symptoms, microsurgical resection offers rapid relief of pressure and tissue diagnosis. Advanced neuronavigation and intraoperative monitoring improve safety and precision.
Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS)
For smaller or multiple metastases, Gamma Knife or CyberKnife radiosurgery delivers high-dose radiation directly to the tumor with minimal damage to surrounding tissue. It’s painless and usually done in one session.
Whole-Brain Radiotherapy (WBRT)
Used in selected cases with numerous or diffuse metastases. Newer protocols minimize side effects such as memory decline.
Systemic Therapy
Targeted drugs, immunotherapy, or chemotherapy treat the primary cancer and may also control brain lesions. Coordination with medical oncology is essential.
Multimodal Approach
Often, treatment combines surgery, radiosurgery, and systemic therapy for optimal control. Every case is discussed in a multidisciplinary tumor board.
Recovery & Follow-Up
Most patients notice improvement in symptoms like headache or weakness within days after treatment.
Regular MRI follow-up (typically every 3–6 months) ensures early detection of recurrence or new lesions. Supportive medications like steroids and antiepileptics may be prescribed as needed.
When to Seek Medical Advice
If you have a history of cancer and experience new neurological symptoms—especially persistent headaches, weakness, or confusion—prompt brain imaging is recommended. Early management prevents complications and improves outcomes.